Which refrigerant is considered non-toxic and is primarily used in new automotive applications?

The refrigerant primarily used in new automotive applications that is considered non-toxic is HFOs, specifically Hydrofluoroolefins. HFOs are a newer class of refrigerants that have been developed to have lower global warming potential compared to traditional refrigerants. They are also non-toxic, making them a safer choice for automotive applications where exposure to the refrigerant could occur.

HFOs are notable for their efficiency and minimal environmental impact, which aligns with the automotive industry's shift towards more sustainable practices. Their chemical structure allows them to perform effectively in refrigeration cycles while minimizing harmful effects on the atmosphere.

In contrast, hydrocarbons (referred to as HCs) have flammability concerns, R-123 is predominantly used in stationary applications like commercial refrigeration and air conditioning rather than automotive, and R-134a, while not toxic, still has a higher environmental impact due to its global warming potential compared to HFOs. This emphasizes the suitability of HFOs in modern automotive applications aiming for both performance and safety.